New planet twinkles like a diamond in the sky

A planet which really does twinkle like a diamond in the sky has been discovered by scientists - its surface is littered with the precious stones. The planet - called 55 Cancri e - has a radius double the size of Earth’s, and weighs eight times more. Whilst Earth’s surface is covered in water and granite, the new planet is thought to be covered in diamonds and graphite.
A new study estimates that at least a third of the planet’s mass - the equivalent of the weight of three Earths - could be diamond. This is the first time astronomers have identified a likely diamond planet around a sun-like star and unearthed its chemical make-up. The diamond planet orbits at hyper speed - its year lasts just 18 hours, in contrast to Earth’s 365 days. But with a blazingly hot temperature of about 3,900F, researchers say it will not live on. It one of five planets orbiting a sun-like star, 55 Cancri, that is located 40 light years from Earth yet visible to the naked eye in the constellation of Cancer. The planet was first observed orbiting its star last year, allowing astronomers to measure its radius for the first time.

No water at all

Research suggests the planet has no water at all, and appears to be composed mainly of carbon (as graphite and diamond), iron, silicon carbide, and, possibly, some silicates. The identification of a carbon-rich super-Earth means that distant rocky planets can no longer be assumed to have compositions similar to that of Earth.
David Spergel, professor of astronomy and chair of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, said: ‘This ‘diamond-rich super-Earth’ is likely just one example of the rich sets of discoveries that await us as we begin to explore planets around nearby stars.’

Curiosity rover's Mars Rock offers surprises

A rock on Mars being studied by NASA's Curiosity rover is unlike any Martian stone ever seen, and is surprisingly similar to an unusual, but well-known, kind of rock on Earth. This type of rock is the first of its kind encountered on Mars and is helping broaden scientists' understanding of how igneous rocks form, scientists said Thursday, Oct. 11. The rock, named "Jake Matijevic" in honor of a Curiosity mission team member who died in August, is a 16-inch-tall pyramid-shape specimen that Curiosity encountered at its landing spot in Mars' Gale Crater.

Curiosity, the centerpiece of the $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory Mission, touched down on the Red Planet Aug. 5 to learn whether Mars ever had the conditions necessary to support life. The Jake rock is being used as a calibration target for Curiosity to try out its suite of 10 science instruments on. 

In late September Curiosity used ChemCam and its Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) to probe Jake's chemical composition. What they found was surprising. Jake appears to have higher concentrations of elements such as sodium, aluminum and potassium, and lower concentrations of magnesium, iron and nickel, than other igneous rocks studied on Mars.

While previously unknown on Mars, this type of chemical composition is seen in a rare but well-studied class of rocks on Earth. On Earth, such specimens are found on oceanic islands such as Hawaii and in other places. They are thought to form when interior rocks melt to form magma, which then rises toward the surface. As it rises, it cools, and parts of the material crystalize, preferentially selecting some elements while leaving a remainder of liquid magma that is enriched with the left-behind chemicals.

However, the researchers said it's too soon to know whether the Jake rock formed this same way.

Strange and shiny

Curiosity is about 65 days into its mission, and still testing out all of its equipment. The rover used its scoop tool to dig up Martian dirt for the first time earlier this week, and scientists saw a strange shiny object in photos of the scooped material. The find put a temporary halt on scooping activities while mission managers investigated the object. Scientists have since concluded that it is most likely a bit of plastic from the rover itself or its landing mechanism that fell off onto the ground during its entry, descent and landing (EDL) process.

Mission team members will continue investigating the debris, but they think it might be a piece of resistive heating material from the rover's exterior that was attached with adhesive, which might have come unstuck.